Broadcasting Networks Define the TV and Radio Business

Broadcasting Networks Define the TV and Radio BusinessBroadcasting Networks Define the TV and Radio BusinessA broadcasting network is a collection of radio or tv stations that air programming from the same unified source. Local stations sign agreements to become affiliates of a network, which gives the station popular programming and allows the network to widen its reach across the country. In television, the major U.S. broadcasting networks are ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC, The CW, and PBS. The network airs programs that run on all of its stations - like The Big Bang Theory, which airs on the CBS network nationally in primetime. How the Network/Station Relationship Works When TV stations got their start, they needed programming. The networks had some but needed a way to get it to viewers, much as had already been done for decades through the radio. In those early days, networks paid stations to air their programs. That helped early shows, such as I Love Lucy, become national hits. The co medy aired on CBS. Because CBS paid stations to become affiliates, Lucy was seen across the country, and because of that, CBS could sell TV advertisements that would reach millions of people. That was also good for local CBS stations, which had a hit show. The only downside is that the network typically kept most of the commercial inventory for itself, which remains true in network TV today. A local station may have the Super Bowl but only has a few slots to sell local commercials during the big game. It may get a lot of eyeballs, but not a lot of money to have such a popular broadcast. Today, a TV network is widely stopping the practice of paying stations to air its programs. In fact, the reverse is becoming commonplace. A network wants the local station to pay for the right to be an affiliate. A network expects a local station owner to realize that the station is much more valuable as an affiliate of NBC than trying to go it alone as an independent station. But thats not always th e case. In 2002, the owner of longtime CBS affiliate WJXT in Jacksonville, Florida, decided that it made business sense to drop CBS and become an independent. Because of the stations strength in the Nielsen ratings and its determined owners, the station thrived by offering more local news instead of CBS shows. Not every local station is an affiliate of the network it represents. Some networks ownand operate the networkthemselves. These are called OO stations or OOs. In the countrys largest DMAs, such as New York or kann losgehen Angeles, the ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC stations are owned by the networks and not an outside company. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) wont allow a network to own every station in every city across the country because of concerns that it would put too much control over media in the hands of too few people. But a situation like what happened in Jacksonville, Florida, wont happen in the nations largest cities because theres no network-affiliate deal to make or break. How Fox Became a Major Network Power Historically, the U.S. had the so-called big three networks that all started to change when the Fox network hit the airwaves in 1986. Fox was originally a collection of OO stations in a few big markets and many tiny stations that had been independents. Fox only produced a few hours of programming each evening and didnt attempt a network morning show or evening newscast. Thanks to The Simpsons and other breakout programs, Fox made a brand for itself but was still considered a weak rival of the ABC, CBS and NBC powerhouses. That all changed in the mid-1990s - Fox was able to get some larger market stations to switch their big three affiliations and become Fox affiliates instead. From motown to Atlanta to Dallas, Fox now had stronger stations with a big local news presence. Fox also had the rights to broadcast some NFL football games, which put it in the big leagues of sports broadcasting. Today, Fox may still be without newscasts in the mornings or evenings, and its primetime schedule still ends an hour earlier than the other networks. But it has achieved parity with its rivals and thanks to hits like American Idol it can regularly win the Nielsen ratings. What Networks Are Not In cable television, some channels use the word network in their name even though they are a single channel and do not meet the definition of a network. The Food Network and the Game Show Network are two examples. They dont have local stations broadcasting their signal. CNNs official name is the Cable berichterstattung Network. While it is a cable channel, it does have agreements with many local stations across the country to share news stories and video, which makes it similar to a network. Those stations sign contracts with CNN to share resources, even though the stations are also affiliates of one of the broadcasting networks. Stations do that to double their news resources. A station thats an affiliate of both CBS and CNN can use either source as it sees fit. CNN may have a better video of a tornado touching down than CBS, so the station may choose to air CNNs video. Viewers at home may not realize that their local station has a relationship with CNN. They only know that the station had the best tornado video.

Hired! Image Makeover Proves Healthy for Pharma Rep

Hired Image Makeover Proves Healthy for Pharma RepHired Image Makeover Proves Healthy for Pharma RepPharmaceutical abverkauf resume focus keeps career on track.JaNet Adams welchesnt looking for a job in 2008. The 27-year-old motherbei of a one-year-old was a sales representative at Pfizer, the largest pharmaceutical company in the world, and had no intention of entering an unfavorable job market or relocating outside North Carolina.But fate said otherwise, and Adams was laid off in October along with several others in office.Between severance and her savings, Adams said she had about an eight-month cushion and initially gave herself six months to find a job, but after a week or two, I got bored. I realized I had an opportunity to build on what I had done already and wanted to start working again. So I started buckling down. That included signing up with SalesLadder.Adams was looking for her first job since she graduated from college with a marketing degree. She knew pharmaceutical co mpanies were laying people off, not hiring she knew she might need to leave sales she knew she needed to move fast and she knew her resume wasnt ready.I was told by several recruiters it needed to be completely re-done, she said. They told me it was too task-oriented it needed to be more results oriented. Adams was told employers want to see what she had accomplished, not a list of her duties or a description of her job.It took me three days to re-do my resume. I re-wrote the whole thing, based on the things I had been told, she said. She highlighted her experience in a way that showed what she had contributed in her previous position, and she began to see the pharmaceutical sales opportunities she thought were too scarce to rely on.The big pharmaceutical companies are laying off, she said. But I saw listings from biotech companies, medical supply companies- companies I didnt know about. These companies are a little harder to get into, a little harder to find out about. Ladders open ed the door to other recruiters I didnt know existed.Keep an open mindFrom October through early December, Adams interviewed for sales positions, doing phone interviews and face-to-face interviews. She kept an open mind, applying for positions in marketing as well as sales. I thought, Im young, I could move into something else, she said. I think you have to be open to other areas. Look at a layoff as a chance to discover other passions you might have, look at other industries, she said.She landed a job in pharmaceutical sales at InVentiv Health, a Somerset, N.J., company that provides nationwide support and consulting to healthcare and biotechnology companies. The job will allow her to stay in North Carolina. While still in sales, the scope of her job will be more wide-ranging than her position at Pfizer, offering her a new path to her ultimate goal of becoming a hospital representative for a pharmaceutical company. She begins her job at InVentiv in February.Its going to be differe nt, Adams said. InVentiv will contract with a pharmaceutical company, and Ill be working for that company for a while. When that contract ends, Ill work with another company. Ill get experience working with more people in my district. Ill work with a lot more physicians. I want to use this as a learning tool in how to verstndigung im strafverfahren with a lot of different people.Adams, who is also pleased that this job wont require relocation, was happy to find a job as quickly as she did. I had a cutoff of five or six months. Thats when I was going to take something that might make less money, just to have income coming in. A lot of people told me it might take six months, so I was happy to find something in three.It helped that she was so diligent in her job search.It was a full-time job, said Adams. I was always on the computer when I first started, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. People were surprised when she told them she was so busy during the day. So busy, in fact, that she continued to pay for daycare for her 1-year-old son.That was the last thing that was going to go, she said. If we had to cut back, I wasnt giving up daycare, she said. I needed to be able to concentrate, and to talk to people on the phone. And when people asked if youd be available the next day for an interview, you cant be scrambling for a babysitter.

Women and Math Stereotypes [infographic]

Women and Math Stereotypes infographic Women and Math Stereotypes infographic Dont be wimp.Youre such a sissy.Weve all heard these expressions (and many more) telling men and boys to shy away from allowing their actions to imitate that of a girls. Acting like a girl, i.e. acting weak, soft, emotional, inferiorand the list goes on and on.Society has created many stereotypes of girls and women, and in the education department, theres no exception. The infographic Brilliant Minds Women and Girls in Math from OnlineColleges.com highlights a few stereotypes of females when it comes to mathematics, their impacts, and some of the women who broke them.The infographic starts off with a commonly held belief that says men are better at math than women. Although weve all heard (and probably, for many, accepted) this as true, the infographic points out that this is only partially true. In timed contests, boys performed better than girls, yet this is where most studies stop. When competitions ha d four subsequent rounds, girls did as well as or better than boys.Stereotypes of women and math negatively impact women as a 1998 study in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology found that women who feel criticized for their math abilities often perform lower, even when they were initially doing high-level math.Like in wages and senior-level positions, a gender gap exists in graduate degree programs. Although in 2011, 58 percent of women were enrolled in graduate programs compared to 42 percent of men, only 29 percent of women were enrolled in math and computer science graduate degrees compared to 71 percent of men.The infographic does provide a few examples of successful women in these fields. For example, Amalie Noether invented a theory uniting symmetry in nature and universal laws of conservation (Noethers theory). Even Einstein called her the most significant and creative female mathematician of all time.To conclude, the infographic offers a few ways to encourage girls in math, such as exposing them early on, matching girls with women mentors in the field, and encouraging them to participate in special school programs.